QUOCDN
30-03-2006, 20:51
the RIRs may take different approaches in supporting the development and implementation of policies. Furthermore, owing to differing priorities among RIR communities, as well as timing and participation in policy processes, specific policies may vary between regions at any one time. RIR staff and community members are generally active, however, in the exchange of information about developments in other regions, including the results of respective policy processes, and there is a strong tendency towards the convergence of any significant policy differences or new policy developments.
In October 2003, the four RIRs – APNIC, ARIN, LACNIC and RIPE NCC – entered into a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to form the Number Resource Organization (NRO): http://www.nro.net/documents/nro1.html.
The purpose of NRO is to ensure the global coherence of certain RIR activities, and to provide a single common interface to all the RIRs where this is necessary. NRO also undertakes joint RIR activities, including technical projects and liaison activities. NRO does not replace or interfere with the regional policy-development processes of the RIRs, nor with any of the RIRs' operational activities.
In October 2004, NRO signed an MoU with ICANN re-establishing the Address Supporting Organization (ASO).
For more information, see:
• http://www.nro.net
• http://www.nro.net/documents/nro1.html
• http://www.nro.net/documents/aso-mou.html
The role of root servers is sometimes confused with that of the servers that route Internet traffic. Root servers do not in fact route traffic but instead perform the function described above. More information on root servers can be found at:
• http://www.root-servers.org
• http://www.rssac.icann.org
• http://www.isoc.org/briefings/016/index/shtml
Internet service providers (ISPs)
Internet service providers (ISPs) are companies (usually private, but publicly-owned in some countries) that provide basic Internet connectivity and/or access and interconnection for consumers (individual users or corporations that wish to access the Internet). Depending on their size and business objectives, ISPs may provide all or some of the following services:
1) Facilities for access to the public Internet (dial-in, leased line, cable, ADSL, etc.)
2) Fixed or dynamic IP addresses, in conjunction with access facilities
3) E-mail accounts
4) Acting as an agent for domain name registration
5) Storage and other facilities for web hosting (hosting of webpages)
6) Support in case of problems
7) Consulting services
8) Additional features such as spam prevention
The policy issues that are typical of such "network products", and that may apply to the general use of IP based networks, include:
1) Universal access/service provisions
2) Consumer protection
3) Supervision of dominant market players
4) Emergency services
5) Access for disabled persons
6) Security (e.g. law enforcement, cybercrime, legal intercept) and privacy protection
7) Allocation of scare resources
8) Dispute resolution
Universal access/service provisionsUniversal access/service provisions refer to many methods used to ensure that telecommunication users located in areas where implementation costs are higher are offered telecommunication services of a quality and price comparable to users located in areas where implementation costs are lower. One well-known method is to impose, by regulation, low prices for high-cost areas, which usually results in somewhat higher prices in low-cost areas.
Another method consists of a collecting a special tax to be used for telecommunication development in high-cost areas (for example, isolated or rural).
Dispute resolutionIP based networks can be used to facilitate conventional dispute resolution processes, including conventional national court proceedings. Discussion of these topics can be found at:
• http://www.odr.info/
In addition, many countries have implemented specific dispute resolution systems for the resolution of disputes involving trademarks and Internet domain names. The best-known system of this type is the Uniform Dispute Resolution Procedure (UDRP) developed by WIPO and adopted by ICANN; a number of parties serve as providers of UDRP services.
For more information on that system see:
• http://www.icann.org/udrp/udrp.htm
In October 2003, the four RIRs – APNIC, ARIN, LACNIC and RIPE NCC – entered into a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to form the Number Resource Organization (NRO): http://www.nro.net/documents/nro1.html.
The purpose of NRO is to ensure the global coherence of certain RIR activities, and to provide a single common interface to all the RIRs where this is necessary. NRO also undertakes joint RIR activities, including technical projects and liaison activities. NRO does not replace or interfere with the regional policy-development processes of the RIRs, nor with any of the RIRs' operational activities.
In October 2004, NRO signed an MoU with ICANN re-establishing the Address Supporting Organization (ASO).
For more information, see:
• http://www.nro.net
• http://www.nro.net/documents/nro1.html
• http://www.nro.net/documents/aso-mou.html
The role of root servers is sometimes confused with that of the servers that route Internet traffic. Root servers do not in fact route traffic but instead perform the function described above. More information on root servers can be found at:
• http://www.root-servers.org
• http://www.rssac.icann.org
• http://www.isoc.org/briefings/016/index/shtml
Internet service providers (ISPs)
Internet service providers (ISPs) are companies (usually private, but publicly-owned in some countries) that provide basic Internet connectivity and/or access and interconnection for consumers (individual users or corporations that wish to access the Internet). Depending on their size and business objectives, ISPs may provide all or some of the following services:
1) Facilities for access to the public Internet (dial-in, leased line, cable, ADSL, etc.)
2) Fixed or dynamic IP addresses, in conjunction with access facilities
3) E-mail accounts
4) Acting as an agent for domain name registration
5) Storage and other facilities for web hosting (hosting of webpages)
6) Support in case of problems
7) Consulting services
8) Additional features such as spam prevention
The policy issues that are typical of such "network products", and that may apply to the general use of IP based networks, include:
1) Universal access/service provisions
2) Consumer protection
3) Supervision of dominant market players
4) Emergency services
5) Access for disabled persons
6) Security (e.g. law enforcement, cybercrime, legal intercept) and privacy protection
7) Allocation of scare resources
8) Dispute resolution
Universal access/service provisionsUniversal access/service provisions refer to many methods used to ensure that telecommunication users located in areas where implementation costs are higher are offered telecommunication services of a quality and price comparable to users located in areas where implementation costs are lower. One well-known method is to impose, by regulation, low prices for high-cost areas, which usually results in somewhat higher prices in low-cost areas.
Another method consists of a collecting a special tax to be used for telecommunication development in high-cost areas (for example, isolated or rural).
Dispute resolutionIP based networks can be used to facilitate conventional dispute resolution processes, including conventional national court proceedings. Discussion of these topics can be found at:
• http://www.odr.info/
In addition, many countries have implemented specific dispute resolution systems for the resolution of disputes involving trademarks and Internet domain names. The best-known system of this type is the Uniform Dispute Resolution Procedure (UDRP) developed by WIPO and adopted by ICANN; a number of parties serve as providers of UDRP services.
For more information on that system see:
• http://www.icann.org/udrp/udrp.htm